Trans Fat

Cardiovascular Disease

In 2009 the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a meta-analysis of prospective studies which indicated that consumption of partially hydrogenated oils can significantly increase the risk of coronary heart disease. [Source]
In 2010 the Journal of the American Dietetic Association published a meta-analysis which found that, for every 2 percent of calories (in the form of carbohydrates or non-trans fatty acids) that are replaced with trans fats, the risk of heart attack or coronary death increases between 20 and 32 percent. [Source]

In 2007 Obesity published an animal study which found that African monkeys fed a diet which consisted of 8 percent trans fats for a 6-year period gained significantly more weight and accumulated more abdominal fat than monkeys fed a diet which of equal calories where trans fats were substituted with monounsaturated fats. [Source]

In 2004 The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a study based on a dietary intake survey of 823 women. The results showed a positive association between trans fat consumption and systemic inflammation – a state that can lead to the progression of various diseases.
In 2005 The Journal of Nutrition published a study based on the nutrition survey results and subsequent blood tests of 730 women. The researchers found those individuals in the highest 20 percent for trans fat intake had 73 percent higher C-reactive protein levels (a major marker of inflammation) than those in the lowest 20 percent. [Source]
In 2004 The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published a 5-week crossover study involving 50 men which found that a diet supplemented with trans fatty acids raised inflammation markers more than diets supplemented with other fats. [Source]
In 2006 Atherosclerosis. Supplements published a review which noted that trans fat consumption is a predictor of coronary heart disease, diabetes and sudden death. The authors also state that the systematic inflammation caused by trans fatty acids may be involved in endothelial cell dysfunction – a major factor in the onset of atherosclerosis. [Source]

In 2013 The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition published study based on data from a 7-year follow-up study of 18,513 participants. The results showed a positive association between trans fat intake and all-cause mortality. [Source]